s\Ãnsâbpw Ie¸bpsSbpw  kztZit¯¡v \ncpàn amÀ¤w

tUm hn. i¦c³ \mbÀ

am\hcmin¡v \mKcnIXzw {]Zm\w sNbvX Ie¸ ImÀjnIhr¯n¡v Hgn¨p IqSm\mhm¯Xpw ASnØm\]cambXpamb Hcp D]IcWamWv. AXv ]pXpXmbn I­p]nSn¨Xv BcmsW¶pw F¶msW¶pwDÅ Imcy¯nÂ\½psS Adnhp ]cnanXamWv.hkvXpXIÄ ]pcmX\Ime¯nse ASnImWm¯ KÀ¯¯nte¡v ap§n adªp t]mbncn¡pIbmWv.

sskÔh kwkvImcw (GItZiw 2600 to 2000 B.C.){]mYInambpwIrjns¯mgn sNbvXp Pohn¡p¶ Hcp kaql¯nsâ Hcp Iq«bvabmbncp¶p.]n¶oSXv k¦oÀ®amb Hcp \Kckaqlambn hnIkn¨p.]pcmX\Imes¯kmaqlnIØnXnIfmb saskms]m«manb³ CuPn]vjy³kwkvImc§fpsS t{iWnbnte¡XpbÀ¶p.sh¦ebpKt¯mSvXpeyw \n¡p¶ HcnSamWsX¶pwkptadnb³ kwkvImc¯n\p kaImenIamb H¶msW¶pw 1924- t_m²ys¸«p. {_n«ojpImcpw `mcXobcpamb.]pcmhkvXpimkv{XÚcpsS taÂt\m«¯nÂ]pcmhkvXp]camb I­p]nSn¯§fpw XpSÀ¶p \S¶p. 

Un.Un tImkmw_nsb kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw \oÀ¨mep]tbmKn¨psIm­pÅ PetkN\tam Ie¸ D]tbmKn¨psIm­pÅIrjntbm CÃm¯ Hcp kwkvIrXnbmbncp¶p sskÔhkwkvImcw.hS¡³cmPØm\nse Imen_¦\n lc¸³ kwkvImc¯n\pw ap³]pÅDghp Ignª Hcp ]ucmWnI \new Is­¯nbtXmSpIqSnlc¸³ ImeL«s¯`£y]cym]vXX DgpXp sIm­pÅ Irjn ImcWambpÅXmsW¶p XoÀ¨bmbn. Bcy·mÀ H¸w sIm­ph¶ Ie¸bmWv sskÔhkwkvImc¯nsâ ImÀjnI kmt¦XnIhnZybn ^ew Dfhm¡n F¶mWv tImkmw_nbpsS \nco£Ww.CuhmZapJw,BtcyXc·mÀ¡v Ie¸bpsS hn\ntbmKw Adnbmambncp¶p F¶ tdmanÅYm¸cpsS shfns¸Sp¯temSpIqSn \njv^eambn.thZ§fpsS iÐtImiw`qcn]£hpw BcyiЧfpsS k©bambn\ne sImÅp¶p F¶pw {ZmhnU `mjbn \n¶pw ISsaSp¯ hm¡pIÄ hncfamWv F¶pw]dbpt¼mÄ{ZmhnUt{kmXÊpIfn \n¶papÅ Nne ]Z§Ä XoÀ¨bnÃm¯hbmbn \ne\n¡pIbmsW¶v {ZhnUnb³ F³sskt¢m]oSnb {]Xn]mZn¡p¶p. A¯cw hm¡pIÄ ISsaSp¯ hm¡pIfpsS IqSn¡pgª AhØsb bpàym\pkcw Im«n¯cp¶p.{ZhnUnb³ itÐm¸¯n imkv{X¯nsâ hnaÀiIcmIs« asämcphgn Ct´m-þbqtdm]y³ hymJym\w {ZpXKXnbn \evIm³ apXnÀ¶ncp¶p. GXhØbnepwkwkvIrX`mjtbmSpÅ {]`mhw BZyIme§fn hfsc ]cnanXambncp¶p. Ie¸bv¡pÅ ‘tRt§mÂ’ ‘emwKe’ F¶o ]Z§fpsS{it²bamb kmZriyw F¶ {]iv\hnjb¯nÂkwkvIrX `mjbnse "e' Imc¯nsâ kw`mhyXaqe`mjbmbXp sIm­msW¶pw {ZmhnU]Z¯nse XpS¡¯nepÅ "e'ImcwDÄt¨c \S¶Xp sIm­pÅ AdnbmsX Xs¶ h¶ ]cnWX^eambXp sIm­msW¶pamWv {ZhnUnb³F³sskt¢m]oSnbbpsS hniZoIcWw.AtX kabw {ZhnUnb³ ]Zambn Xs¶ XpS¡w kw`mhyamsW¶pw {ZhnUnb³ F³sskt¢m]oSnbA`n{]mbw ]peÀ¯nbncp¶p.{ZhnUnb³F³sskt¢m]oSnbbpsSkµnKvZmÀYamb kz`mhw ]peÀ¯p¶ hymJym\wNÀ¨mhnjbs¯ Hcp hn[¯nepwkwibmXoXam¡p¶nÃ. tdmanÅ Ym¸À BIs« Ie¸bv¡pÅ ]ZwCt´m-þBcy³AÃm¯ `mjIfnÂBZyIme§fnÂ, lc¸³ ImeL«¯n\pw ap³]p Xs¶ ImWs¸«ncp¶Xmbn Nq­n¡m«p¶p.Ie¸sb Ipdn¡phm³EtKzZ¯n ]ehpcp D]tbmKn¡p¶ ‘emMvKew’ F¶ ]Zw BZna{ZmhnU `mjbnse t\t§mÂF¶ ]Z¯nsâ{]Yam£camb"\' Imc¯n\v,"e' Imcw sIm­v ]Icw h¨v cq]w \ÂInb`mjm´camWv F¶v A\pam\n¡mw.Hcp hniZoIcWwD­mIp¶Xv Htc Hcp \nKa\¯nte¡p \bn¡pw F¶pÅ Ym¸cpsS \ne]mSvØncoIcn¡mw.

‘t\t§mÂ’ F¶ ]Z¯nsâP·Øew XoÀ¸pIev]n¡emWn\nbpÅXv.‘{]n Bcy³ B³Uv {]nþ{ZhnUnb³ C³ C´y’(1929) F¶ {KÙ¯nsâ cNbnXm¡Ä¡v Nn´m¡pg¸w D­m¡nb hnXÀ¡hnjbw]cntim[n¨pwB Ipcp¡gn¡m³ {ian¨pw sIm­v, I­p]nSn¯¯n\pÅ k©mcw XpS§mw.

knÔp\ZoXSkwkvImcIme¯v {]`mh¯nencp¶ t\t§m F¶ hm¡v EtKzZ¯nte¡v ISw sIm­t¸mÄ, "\' bpsS Øm\¯v "e' IS¶ph¶p þ t\t§m e(m)wKeambn amdn. BZn{ZmhnU¯n "e', "E' F¶o A£c§fn XpS§p¶ hm¡pIÄ CÃ. I¶U, sXep¦v, a[y/ hS¡³ {ZmhnU `mjIfn "e' sIm­v XpS§p¶ hm¡pIÄ "\' sIm­v XpS§nbhbmbncp¶p. "\'bn XpS§p¶p Nne {ZmhnU hm¡pIÄ kwkvIrXw ISw sIm­t¸mÄ "e' bn XpS§nbncn¡p¶Xmbpw "e' bpsSbpw "\' bpsSbpw A\hØnXn Ct´mBcy³ `mjIfn CShn«nShn«v Cu ImeL«§fnseÃmw Xs¶ h¶n«pÅXmbpw ImWmw. AXpImcWw kwkvIrX¯n "e' bpw "\' bpw sIm­v XpS§p¶ hm¡pIÄ "e' sIm­v XpS§nbn«nÃm¯ {ZmhnUhm¡pIfn t]mepw ImWp¶p.

Ccp]¯naq¶p Zzo]pIÄ tNÀ¶ "C´y³ Zzo]kaql'¯n ]s¯m¼Xmw \qäm­n kÀ¡mcptZymKØ\mbncp¶ tPm¬ {Imt^mUnsâ A\h[n hÀj§fnse ]cnNbk¼¯nsâ BsI¯pIbmWv C´y³ Zzo]kaqlw F¶ {KÙw. At±lw ]dbp¶p: Ie¸, I«s]m«n¨p \nc¯m\pÅ ]ÃpXSn, ssIt¡m«v, sImSphmÄ, AcnhmÄ, henbI¯n F¶n§s\ F®¯n IpdªXpw efnXhpamWv Pmhbnse ImÀjntIm]IcW§Ä. HcpXSn, Ie¸bpsS s\SpwX­v, Hcp ssI¸nSn F¶nh tNcpt¼mÄ Ie¸bmbn. "lnµp¡fpsS Ie¸bnse amXncn sImgphnÃ'. Hcp ASn¡pdn¸n At±lw ]dbp¶p: t\t§m (nangala) F¶ kwkvIrX ]Z¯n \n¶pw DÛhn¨ XMvKe (tangala) F¶ aeb³ hm¡v hyàambpw Nq­n¡m«p¶Xv aeb·mÀ Ie¸bpsS D]tbmKw a\Ênem¡nbXv, lnµp¡fn \n¶pamsW¶mWv.

tam¬JmtamÀ Ct´mt\jy³ `mjIfnse Ie¸

{]apJ tam¬JmtamÀ Ct´mt\jy³ `mjIfn Ie¸sb Ipdn¡phm\pÅ ]Z§Ä \ntbmKn¨n«pÅXv FhnsS \n¶pamsW¶v ]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ, AwImÂ(JvaÀ);e\³/Â/À (Iwt_mUnb);Iþeyv¦À (Jmkn); sX³Kme (sXw_nb³); sXwKme, sX³Kme, XMvKe (aembv); XnwKe, XnMvKe (_SIv); \³Ie (aIÊmÀ) F¶n§s\ ]Z§ÄA\h[n cq]§fn ImWp¶p. _pKnbpw aIÊscskbpw skses_kv (kpeshkn)bn kwkmcn¡p¶ap­m `mjbnÂ,\sl F¶ kâmen ]ZamWv Ie¸sb Ipdn¡p¶Xv.

Ct´m Bcy³/Ct´mbqtdm]y³ `mjIfn thcpIÄ Im×m\nÃm¯hyXykvX§fmb Cu iÐcq]§Ä shfns¸Sp¯p¶Xv Fs´¶mÂH¶pIn Ah kwkvIrX¯nse ‘emwKe’bn \n¶pw ISwsIm­tXm AsænÂ]ucmWnI Ime§fn \ne\n¶ncp¶Bt{kvSmþGjymSnIv `mjbn \n¶pw Dcp¯ncnªp h¶tXm BImw F¶mWvknÂhnbn³ sehn\pw aäpw hyàam¡p¶Xv. Cu NÀ¨ Ahkm\n¸n¡p¶Xv BtcyXccmb Ing¡cn \n¶pw thZImew XpS§p¶tXmSpIqSn ISsaSp¯ hm¡mImw CsX¶p ]dªmWv.

A\h[n amäw hcp¯en\v ASns¸«XmImw B ]Z¯nsâ XpS¡hpw HSp¡hpw.XÕabw \Sp¡pÅ `mKwbsXmcp amähpw kw`hn¡m¯Xpw BImw.Ct´mBcy³/ Ct´mbqtdm]y³ `mjIfn‘emwKe’ F¶ ]Z¯n\v\ncpàn Fs¶m¶v ImWp¶nÃ.thcpIÄImWp¶nÃ. BtcyXccmb Ing¡cn \n¶pw thZImew XpS§p¶tXmSpIqSn ISsaSp¯ hm¡mImw CsX¶p ]dªmWv NÀ¨ Ahkm\n¸n¡p¶Xv. Bcv Bcn \n¶pamWv ISw sIm­Xv F¶ Imcy¯n C\nbpw A´naamb Hcp Xocpam\hpw \ne\nev¡p¶nÃ.

Bt{kvSmþGjymSnIv `mjbn H¶mWvtam¬þJvaÀ/ B¶ssaäv (Annamite). ssN\ hS¡pw emthmkv Iwt_mUnb F¶nh ]SnªmdpambpÅ B¶ssaäpImÀ AhcpsS]Snªmd³ Ab¡msc t]mse `mcXob\mhpIbp­mbn«nÃ.NÀ¨ sN¿s¸Sp¶ ]Z§fpsS {]Xncq]wB `mjIfn ImWp¶Xp sIm­v thZImew apX¡p Xs¶‘emwKe,’ Ing¡cmb BtcyXcn \n¶pw hs¶¯n F¶p kqNn¸n¡s¸Sp¶p.

]Zimkv{X ]TnXm¡fpw tImiImc·mcpw‘t\t§mÂ’ F¶ ]Z¯nsâ hn]peamb tZim´cKa\¯nsâhnhc§Ä shfns¸Sp¯nbn«p­v.sskÔh kwkvImcs¯ Ipdn¨v AKmYamb ]T\§Ä X¿mdm¡nb BkvsIm ]Àt]mfbmIs«{ZmhnU`mjbn \n¶pw EtKzZwISsaSp¯‘Ifw, apJw, ^ew, t\t§mÂ’ F¶n§s\ GXm\pwhm¡pIsf sXfnhpIÄklnXw lmPcm¡nbn«p­v. “lnsÌmdn: ss{Ìäv s{^mw sX slmÀskkv auXv,”[i] F¶ {KÙ¯nÂCu teJI³ BXy´nI ]co£bmÀYw sX¡³ XncphnXmwIqdnse§pw  ap³ImehbepIÄ¡cnInÂ,]c¼cmKX ssienbn ]WnX Krl§fn ‘Ifw, apJw, ^ew, t\t§mÂ’ F¶n§s\  GXm\pw hm¡pIsfkw_Ôn¨p \S¯nb At\zjWwkwibmXoXambn amdnbXn\m ‘t\t§mÂ’ F¶ ]Zs¯, XpSÀ¶pÅ “\m©n\mSv: lmÀ_n©À H^v ssdkv B³Uv ¹u IĨÀ C³ sX B³jyâv thÄUv”[ii] F¶ {KÙ¯nepw At\zjW hnt[bam¡n.AXn Ie¸sb Ipdn¡p¶ t\t§m F¶ ]Zw `mcX¯n\pÅnepw `mcX¯nsâ koabv¡¸pdhpw IS¶Xmbn km£ys¸Sp¯p¶p. hnhn[ ImÀjnI kt¦X§fn  BNmc]qÀhw Act§dn h¶ncp¶ DghpÕh§sf Ipdn¨pÅ]T\§fnÂ, shfns¸S¯¡ apt¶äw ssIhcn¡phm³ {]m]vXnbpÅ ]ZamWv ‘\m©nÂ’F¶ ]Zw F¶p Øm]n¡s¸«p. C´ysb IpSmsX DghpÕhw A\pjvTn¨ncp¶ cmPy§sf Ipdn¨pÅ ]T\w, Cu A\pjvTm\¯nsâ A]qÀhIÂ]nXamb Bcw`Øm\w GXmsW¶pÅXnsâ \nKqVX XoÀ¡m³ klmbIambn.  

temIsa§pw Act§dnbncp¶ DghpÕh§Ä

DghpÕh§sf kq£vaambn ]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ, ]ucmWnIamb ]e ]Z§fpw, \½psS ap¶n IS¶p hcp¶Xmbn ImWmw.Bonn Chr(a)ot Preah Nongkoal, Nan Devi, Nang Thepi, Pha nun(g), Phraratchaphithi, Phraya Raek Na, Pithi Chraoat Preah Naingkorl, Preah Nongkoal, F¶n§s\bpÅ hm¡pIfpsS NphSp ]nSn¨p t]mIpt¼mÄ,sX¡³ Xn cphnXmwIqdnse s\Ãv, Ie¸ F¶nhbpsS ImÀjnI ]mc¼cyhpambpÅ k¼À¡s¯bmWv Ah Im«n¯cp¶Xv.

]ucmWnI Ime§fnÂ, DghpÕh§Ä {_mÒWcpsS Hcp BNmcambncp¶p.cma³ IV-sâ cmPm[n]Xy ¯n\v ap³]pÅ Ime§fn Phraratchaphithi Chot Phranangkhan F¶ t]cnednªncp¶ Cu BNmcw JvaÀ `mj bn Preah Reach Pithi Chrot Preah Neangkol/ Nongkoal F¶pwXmbv`mjbnÂKan Phuetchamongkhon,Phra Ratchaphithi Phuetchamonkhon Charot Phra Nangkhan Raek Na KhwanF¶pwBWv.Bon Crat Prah Ankal asämcp \maw.

tXmfpIfn Ie¸(naingkorl)bpw hln¨p sIm­vae Ibdp¶Xns\bmWv Lee naingkorl leung phnomF¶o ] Z§Ä¡ÀYw.Ie¸sb Ipdn¡p¶ Bonn Chr(a)ot Preah Nongkoal, Naingkorl, Neang Korl, Neangkol, Neanng Korl, NongkoalF¶o ]Z§Ä, ]gbXangv aebmfw `mjIfnse ‘t\t§mÂ’ F¶o ]Z§sf kz´w `mjbnse hm¡mbn amänbhbmsW¶p ImWmw.BonnF¶ ]ZwXangn kzÀ®s¯ Ipdn¡p¶ ‘s]m¶v’ F¶ ]ZamWv.Bonn Naingkorl Xan gn s]mt¶dmWv. Ie¸sb Ipdn¡p¶ ‘DepIp, hepIp’F¶o ]Z§fnÂaebmf¯nse‘Dg’ iÐw DÄt¨À¶ncn¡p¶p. 

‘\m©n\mSv: lmÀ_n©À H^v ssdkv B³Uv ¹u IĨÀ C³ sX B³sjyâv thÄUv’ temIsa§pw Act§dnbncp¶ DghpÕh§sf Ipdn¨pÅ Hcp {KÙamWv. aym·mÀ, hnbäv\mw, Iws_mUnb, _men Cs´mt\ jy F¶nhnS§fn Ie¸bv¡p]tbmKn¡p¶ ]Z§Ä{ZhnUnb³ ]Zamb ‘t\t§mÂ’ F¶ ]Z¯nsâ en]y´ ccq]amWv F¶v Xncn¨dnªp.Cu {KÙw ]ucmWnI Ime§fn s\Ãnsâ apt¶m«pÅ IpXn¸nsâXpS¡w Z£n tW´ybn \n¶pambncp¶p F¶ hkvXpX shfns¸Sp¯p¶p.

Cu Is­¯Â {KÙIÀ¯mhns\ ‘t\t§mÂ’ F¶ ]Zw  aäp {ZhnUnb³ `mjIfn F§s\bmWv D ¨cn¨ncp¶Xv F¶ Imcy¯n Hcp ka{K]T\w \S¯phm³ t{]cn¸n¨p.

tRt§mÂ/ Rm(\m)©n F¶o ]Z§fpsS P·Øew

\m©n\m«n Ie¸ ‘sRt§mÂ’ F¶dnbs¸«ncp¶p. tRªnÂ, tRt§mÂ, tRt§mepgt¡m F¶n h ]cymb§Ä. tRt§m F¶ hm¡v R(\)m©nÂ, t\©Â, Ie¸, Ie¸¯­v, Ie¸s¡mgp F¶n§s\bpw Adnbs¸Sp¶p.

Ie¸bv¡pw sImgphn\papÅ Cu aebmf ]Z¯n\v \m©n\m«n\pÅn \n¶pw apt¶m«pÅ {]bmW¯n  Cu ]Z¯n\p cq]t`Z§fp­mbn. t\(s)§ev, t\ªÂ, t\ªnev, t\ªnep, t\tªep, tRsªep, t\ ©n F¶n§s\{]mtZinIamb hyXnbm\§ÄDÄs¡m­psIm­pÅ Cu cq]m´c]Z§Ä `mjm imkv{X]c amb{]tZi§sfbpw ‘tRt§mev, \m©nÂ’ F¶o ]Z§fpsS P·Øeamb \m©n\mSns\bpw \ap¡p Im«n¯ cp¶p. \m©n\m«n\p ]pd¯pw hnfn¡s¸Sp¶Xv Rm©nÂ, \m©n (Xangv); t\KÂ, t\KnÂ, t\Ke (I¶S); t\evKv (Kota); s\MvKn (IpSKv); \msbcp/ \mbÀ (Xpfp); \mKen, \msKep, \mtKep (sXepKv); \mMvtK (Gondi); \m³sKen(Ãn) (Kuwi); \mMvsKÀ (Naiki); \mMvKven,\msMen (Kolami); \mMvK (Gadaba); F¶pamWv. tRt§mev F¶ ]Z¯nsâ {]mtZinI cq]t`Z§Ä{]ISam¡p¶ Cu ]Z§Ä`mcXob `mjIfpsS AXncpIÄ t`Zn¨v \m ©n\m«n\p ]pd¯v _lpZqcw IS¶p t]mb ]mXIfmWv Im«n¯cp¶Xv._men¡mcpsS sX³Kme F¶ iÐw cq]w sIm­XvkwkvIrX¯nseemwKebnÂ\n¶pamWv.emwKe, \mKn (Parsi), \wK (_wKmÄ),\MvKe (Pali) F¶o iÐ§Ä ‘t\t§mÂ’ F¶ {ZmhnU hm¡n \n¶pw ISw sIm­XmsW¶p km£yw \n¡p¶p.

_lp`mj ]WvUnX³‘rice’ F¶ BwKe iЯnsâ DdhnSw ‘Acnin’ F¶ XanÄ ]Z¯n \n¶pam sW¶pw Ie¸sb Ipdn¡p¶ kwkvIrX ]Zamb ‘emMvKe’ Hcp ‘ap­’ / {ZhnUnb³ ]Zamb t\t§men \n¶pamsW¶pw Xncn¨dnªp.  \m©nÂþsâ \mSv F¶mWv\m©n\mSv HmÀ½bnse¯m¯{X ]pcmX\amb Ime§fn Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv.Rm(\m)©nÂ, Rmªn\mSv, Rmt©\mSv, \m©n\mSv F¶n§s\ tRt§mensâ \mSv AÀYhym]vXn ]q­p. Ie¸bpsS \msS¶p kmcw.Cu Adnhn \n¶pw kqN\ DÄs¡m­vCu c­p ]Z§fpw {]Nmc¯nencn¡p¶ Z£ntW´ybnse Cu XanÄ {]tZiw Bbncn¡Wws\¡rjnbpsS {]`hØm\wF¶vAhÀ Duln¨p.

Kps­À«nsâ `mjmikv{X]camb {]amWw

Hcp hm¡nsâ BZys¯ A£ctam GIkzcKWtam FSp¯p amäp¶Xv A^odnknkv (aphaeresis).AXn ·®w F¶ ]Zw {i²n¡pI. ChnsS, BZnaamb‘h’hcp¶nS¯v ‘a’ D¨cn¡s¸Sp¶p F¶ Kp­À«nsâ ]cmaÀiw A\ptbmPn¨p hcp¶Xmbn ImWmw. ‘h®w’ F¶Xv ‘·®w’ F¶mbncn¡p¶p. ‘hn\’‘an\’bmIp¶p. ‘akqcn’, ‘angp §pI’F¶o ]Z§Ä bYm{Iaw ‘hkqcn’, hngp§pI’ F¶n§s\ BIpw.aäp tZiy`mjIfn Hcp ]Z¯nsâ B Zym£cw ‘a’ ]et¸mgpw ‘\’ Bbn amdp¶p.DZmlcW¯n\v ‘abnÀ,’‘abnÂ’‘samgn’ F¶o ]Z§Ä {i²n¡mw. Xan gv aebmf]Zamb ‘abnÂ’ IÀ®mSI `mjbn ‘Raen’ F¶pwsXep¦n‘\aen’ F¶pw BWv. Xangv aebmf ]Z amb ‘abnÀ’ IÀ®mSI `mjbn ‘\hnÀ’ BWv.hmKvZm\w aebmf¯n ‘samgn’BWv.AXv IÀ®mSI `mjbnÂnudiF¶mIpw.

aebmf¯nse ‘R’aäp {ZmhnU `mjIfn ‘\’ AYhm ‘b’F¶nhbv¡v ]Icw \nev¡p¶p, {]Xn\n[oI cn¡p¶p. ‘\,’‘R’ bpambn _Ôn¸n¨p ]dbp¶p (‘Rm³,’F¶Xn \n¶pw‘\mw’). am{Xaà ‘\,’ ‘b’bpambn _Ôn¸n¨p ]dbp¶p-þ (\pIw / bpKw; BIn\ = BInb).{]tXyI `mjWcoXntbmsSm¸w Hcp \ma]Z¯nse ‘a’Imcw amdmdp­v.{]mNo\ aebmf¯n ‘\p¸Xv,’‘ap¸Xv’ BWv.hnZymk¼¶À C¡me¯pw aq¸cv, apt¼ F¶o ]Z§sf\q¸cv, \pt¼ Ft¶ ]dbq.Xangnse s\fn¨n aebmf¯n sRfn¨(n) BWv. s\m­³ cq]t`Zw sRm­³; s\m­n cq]t`Zw sRm­n, Xangn s\m­n; \Sp¡w cq]t`Zw RSp¡w, sRSp¡w; \pWp¡phnZy cq] t`Zw RpWp¡phnZy, Xangn \pWp¡pv; s\m­pI cq]t`Zw sRm­pI Xangn s\m­pXev.

tRt§mÂF¶ ]Z¯nsâkzcq]w

aebmf¯nse tRt§mÂ/ t\ªn F¶nh XangnÂ, Rm/\m©nemWv.Kp­À«nsâ I­p ]nSn¯¯n sâ shfn¨¯nÂIe¸bv¡pÅ Cu ]Z§fpsS BZym£cw XpS§p¶Xv ‘\’ Asæn ‘R’bn \n¶mWv. ‘abnÂ’ F¶ ]Zw IÀ®mSI `mjbn ‘Raen’bpw sXep¦n‘\aen’bpw BWv. Cu Is­¯Â, tRt§mÂF¶ ]Z¯nsâ BZym£cw‘a’ BsW¶v kaÀ°n¡p¶p. ]tZmev]¯n imkv{X¯nsâ NphSp]nSn¨p sIm­pÅ Cu At\zjWw,t\t§m F¶ ]Z¯nsâ BZym£cw hos­Sp¡phm³ klmbn¨p. BZym£camb ‘a’ k¼m Zn¨tXmsS hos­Sp¯ ]Zw ‘amt¦mÂ’ F¶p sNmÃmw.thsdm¶n \n¶pw cp]m´cs¸Sp¯nbtXm ]IÀ¯nb tXm A\pIcn¨tXm `mjm´coIcWw sNbvXtXm AÃm¯XmWo ]Zw.

am´e (antler) BZyIme Ie¸bmbn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶p F¶ hkvXpX Cu D]IcW¯nsâ Ime¸g¡ s¯ HmÀan¸n¡p¶p.t\t§m F¶ hm¡nsâ DÛhs¯bpw aqemÀ°s¯bpw ]än KthjW]camb ]T\w \S¯nb tijw C¡mea{Xbpw Hfnªncp¶ AXnsâ AÀYw shfnhmbn. AtX \nbaw Xs¶ ‘\pIw’(sXep¦v)/ ‘s\mIw,’ (IÀ®mSI) F¶o ]Z§fnepw{]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ h¶p tNcp¶ ]Zw ‘aIw’ BWv.

amt¦mÂF¶ ]Zw F§s\bmWv Rm©nÂ, \m©n (Xangv);µ®´´°l/ n®µµil (Ma.),emwKe (Sanskrit) F¶n§s\ BbXv F¶Xn s\Ãnsâbpw Ie¸bpsSbpw Ncn{Xw FgpXs¸«ncn¡p¶p.

\m©n\mSv

ho«papä¯p \«m hfcp¶ hn[¯n Im«ps\Ãns\ sacp¡n FSp¯Xns\ Ipdn¨pÅ hnhctiJcW ¯n\mbpÅ {]hÀ¯\¯nÂCu]pkvXIsagp¯pImc³k©cn¡pt¼mÄC¶s¯ XanÄ\mSnt\mSp tNÀ¶ I\ymIpamcn PnÃbnÂØnXn sN¿p¶\m©n\mSns\ Is­¯n.

AXnhnZqcamb Ime§fn BZna\pjy³ X\n¡p Npäpw ImWs¸«, Ie¸ sXmSm¯, kzm`mhnImhØ bnepÅ h\§fn \n¶pw\mbmSnbpw[m\y§Ä s]dp¡nsbSp¯pw X«nap«n Pohn¡m³{ian¨p. ]¯v e£w sImçġpap³]v Ft¶m, tImSm\ptImSn sImçfmbn sacp§m³ hW§m¯ Im«ps\Ãns\ Ah³ I­pap «n. BZna\pjysâ s\ÃpambpÅ IqSn¡mgvN \S¶Xv Fen ]nSn¡phm³ Ah³ FenaS(Fen¸p\w/Fen¸mXm fw)bn ssI IS¯nbt¸mfmbncn¡Ww. Fenbfsb It¿dnbt¸mÄ ssIh¶Xv Fen tiJcn¨p h¨n«pÅIpä aä s\·WnIfpsS tiJcs¯bpw BWv.C´ybpsS sXt¡ Aäs¯ \m©n\m«nse ]mc¼cy Irjn¡mÀ I¶n amkw aIw \mÄ tXmdpw s\Ãnsâ ]nd¶\mÄ BtLmjn¡p¶ ]Xnhv ChnsS {]kàamIp¶p.tIcf¯nsâ hS ¡pÅ Irjn¡mcmIs« At¶ Znhkw [m\ykar²nbmbn BtLmjn¡p¶p. hncfambn C¶pw BtLmjn¨p hcp ¶ s\Ãnsâ ]nd¶\mÄIm«ps\Ãnsâ Imes¯ A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶ Hcp NS§nsâ Ahtijn¸mbn IW¡m¡mw.

Cu {KÙImc³ Xsâ ‘s\Ãpw kwkvIrXnbpw’, ‘s\Ãv ]ucWnI tIcf¯nÂ’[iii]F¶o  {KÙ§fpsS cN\ XpS§n h¨Xv aebmf`mjbnembncp¶p.]tZm¸¯nimkv{XwF¶At\zjWapd kpKaambn {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯phm³CXvklmbIambn.tPymXnimkv{XwhnhctiJcW¯n\pÅ asämcp DdhnSambncp¶p.Dd¨ ASnØm\thebnSm³ IgnªXvKthjWw apt¶m«v sIm­p t]mIphm³ Icp¯v \ÂIn.

ho«Snbn \«phfÀ¯m\mIpw hn[w sacp¡nsbSp¯ s\Ãnsâ BKa\t¯mSpIqSn s\¡rjn ]pXnb taJeIfn hym]n¡m³ {]m]vXambn.ImeKXnbnÂ, {]IrXn Xs¶ Hcp¡nb hben Act§dnb ImÀjnIhr¯n,hfÀ¨bpsS Imcy{Iaw XpS§nh¨ BZnhmknbpsS Hcp ]mZap{Zbpw Ahtijn¸n¨nÃ.Ie¸bpsS AhXcWw a\pjycpsSs]äps]cpIensâ NphSphbv¸nepw amäw hcp¯n.sacp¡nsbSp¯ s\Ãnsâ BKa\s¯ P·\mbpÅ ImSpIÄ shfns¸Sp¯phm³ ]cmPbs¸«t¸mÄIm«ps\Ãns\ sacp¡nsbSp¯v Irjn XpS§nbXnsâ biÊv AhcptSXmsW¶v Hmtcm cmPyhpw AhImis¸Sm³ XpS§n. F¶m ‘tRt§mev’ F¶ ]Zw Hcp Xmt¡membn D]tbmKn¨t¸mÄ Ncn{X¯nsâ NpcpfpIÄ Hs¶m¶mbn shfns¸Sm³ XpS§n.

‘s\Ãv: ]ucmWnI tIcf¯nÂ’F¶ Xsâ {KÙ¯nÂssN\bpsS ImÀjnI kwkvIrXn¡v ASnØm\w C´ybmsW¶v km£ys¸Sp¯p¶p.‘\m©n\mSv: lmÀ_n©À H^v ssdkv B³Uv ¹u IÄNÀ C³ sX B³skyâv thÄUv,’F¶ {KÙwssN\bn Act§dnbncp¶ \membncw sImÃs¯ DghpÕhw]cntim[n¨Xn ssN\bpsS tPymXnimkv{X¯nsâ D¸¯nØm\w C´ybmsW¶p a\Ênem¡mw.Cu {KÙ¯nse Bdmw A[ymbw]ucmWnI C´ybn Act§dnbDghpÕh§fpsS Zriycq]w ]IÀ¯nbXvC´ybpsS amÀKZÀi\w shfns¸Sp¯p¶p.Ggpw F«pw A[ymb§Ä sX¡vIng¡t\jybntebv¡pÅs\Ãnsâ hym]\s¯¡pdn¨vhnkvXcns¨gpXp¶p.

\£{Xmcm[\

\pI¯nsâ BIrXnbn ØnXnsN¿p¶ \£{X§fpsS Hcp Iq«ambaIw, ]¯mas¯ \£{XamWv.Ie¸bpsS P·Øew\m©n\mSmsW¶pw Acn F¶ [m\y¯nsâ  P\\w I¶namk¯nse aI¯nemsW¶pamWv hnizmkw. 

a[y{]tZiv, D¯À{]tZiv, N«okvKmÀlv, ÕmÀJWvUv F¶nhnS§fn Ignbp¶ ‘ss_K’ F¶p t]cpÅ Hcp P\hÀKw A©p \£{X§fpsS Hcp Iq«s¯ ‘\MvKÀ’ F¶p t]À sNmÃp¶ Ie¸ asäm¶Ã.Cu ]Zw XncphnXmwIqdnse Ie¸sb Ipdn¡p¶ ‘apgt¡mÂ’ F¶pw t]cpÅ‘tRt§mev’ F¶ Ie¸bmWv.hnXbvv¡pw ap³]v hben shÅw hän¡m\mbn \S¯p¶ NS§v BWv N{Iw Nhn«pI. kqcymkvXa\w Ignªv Hcp aWn¡qdn\p tijw [\pcminbn DZn¡p¶ Cu \£{Xkaqlw hnXbv¡pw ap¼v N{Iw Nhn«m\pÅ kabw Ipdn¡p¶Xv Cu \£{Xkaql¯nsâ DZbs¯ ASnØm\s¸Sp¯nbmWv. Xangnse Ie¸N{IamIs« Ie¸bpsS cq]¯nepÅ ^etPymXnj¯n\p th­nbpÅ Ub{Kmw t\m¡nbmWv BZyNmepgm\pÅ kabw Ipdn¡p¶Xv. _menbnemIs« Ipgnª Xhn, Hmdntbm¬, Ie¸ F¶n§s\ AXn\v AÀYap­v.

Hmdntbm¬ \£{X kaql¯nse \£{X§fmWv Rigel, Bellatrix, Betelgeuse, Saiph F¶nh. Ime¸g¡w sIm­v t\t§m Bb‘amt¦mÂ’F¶ ]Z¯n\ÀYw ‘am´e’ F¶mWv.AXv aIbncw (arKinckv) \£{Xs¯ _Ôs¸Sp¯p¶p.XncphnXmwIqdnse§pw hn]peamb coXnbn ImWs¸Sp¶ Ieam³sIm¼v Bcm[\, aIbnc ¯n\v kqNIw sN¿p¶ HcSbmfambn hÀ¯n¡p¶p.Cu kqN\ C´ybpsS ImÀjnI Ncn{X¯n Ieam\nsâ Øm\s¯ Ipdn¨v Bcmbp¶Xn\pÅ \ymboIcWw Im«p¶p.Xdhm«phoSnt\mSp tNÀ¶ sX¡Xv F¶ Adnbs¸Sp¶ IpSpw_ ]ctZhXmt£{X¯n h¨v Ieam³sIm¼ns\ ]qPn¡p¶]mc¼cywDÅ \mb·mÀ Ie¸ D]tbmKn¨pÅ ImÀjnI kwkvImc¯nsâ XpS¡¡mÀ / A{KKmanIÄ Bbncp¶p F¶v H¶p IqSn km£ys¸Sp¯p¶p.

XncphnXmwIqÀ: Bkvt{Sm BÀ¡ntbmsfPn ]T\¯n\v A\ptbmPyamb Øm\w

]ucmWnI Ime§fnÂ, BZnaa\pjyÀ, BImi§fn ZÀin¨ {]Xn`mk§sf F§s\bmWv DÄs¡m­ncp¶psh¶pw AXns\ \nXyPohnX¯n {]tbmP\{]Zam¡nsb¶papÅ hnjbs¯ ]Tn¡p¶Xns\bmWv Bkvt{Sm BÀ¡ntbmsfPnF¶p hnfn¡p¶Xv.BImihpambn `qanbnse Hcp kvXw`tam aµnctam inetbm, ]ucmWnIkwkvIrXnIfnse GsX¦nepw \nÀaanXntbm IrjntbmsSm¸w _Ôs¸Sp¯nbpÅs]mcp¯s¸Sp¯epIfnÂkm£yw \n¡p¶p.AXv aXs¯bpw  hmkvXphnZysbbpw kwtbmPn¸n¨ncn¡p¶p.tPymXnÀimkv{X kw_Ônbmb A\pjvTm\§Ä, ]mc¼cyapdbv¡v BÀPn¨n«pÅ AdnhpIÄ, sFXnly§Ä, FÃm ]ucmWnI kwkvIrXnIfnepw aX§fnepw h¶p tNÀ¶ ]cmaÀi§Ä, F¶nhbn \n¶psams¡ AXXp kwkvIrXnbn \oemImiwhln¨ncp¶ ]¦ns\ Ipdn¨pÅ hnhcw \ap¡p In«p¶p­v.

kqcy³ hk´ EXphn `qa²ytcJbpw chn{Im´hr¯hpw tOZn¨p IS¡p¶ _nµp BZn _nµp BWv. Cu tajmZn_nµphns\ Xncn¨dnbm³ th­n ASbmfs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶Xv ♈F¶NnÓw sIm­mWv.cminaÞe¯nse BZys¯ Cu ASbmfw, ap«\mSnsâ sIm¼ns\ kqNn¸n¡p¶p. tPymXnimkv{XÚÀ Cu ]ucmWnI kwÚsb ‘V’ F¶p hmbn¡p¶p. ‘V’ F¶m ‘shÀWÂ,’hk´Imes¯ kw_Ôn¨ F¶ÀYw.tIcf¯n A¶pw C¶pw hk´ EXphn BtLmjn¡s¸Sp¶ hnjp BNcn¨p hcp¶ coXn a\Ênem¡p¶Xv NÀ¨ sNbvXpsIm­ncn¡p¶ hnjb¯n\v HcpÄ¡mgvN \ÂIpw.

hk´Ime¯n hn¯p apfbv¡p¶p.CeIÄ apgph\pw s]mgnbv¡p¶ ac§fn CeIÄ XfncnSp¶p.ImÀjnIamb ]pXphÀjmcw`amWnhnsS Ipdn¡s¸Sp¶Xv.hnjphnâ¶v kp{]`mX¯nÂ, ‘Nmep IodpI’ F¶ Hcp NS§v Irjn¡mÀ A\pjvTn¡p¶XneqsS, awKfIcambns\ÂIrjn kamcw`n¡pIbmbn.AXn\p tijapÅ]¯p Znhkw hn¯p hnXbv¡pw ssX\Soen\psams¡ ip`Icamb Zn\§fmWv.Cu NS§pIfpw hnizmk§fpwapXnÀ¶ XeapdbnepÅhÀ,a®n \n¶pw agbn \n¶pw, D¸¶§fn \n¶pw DÄs¡m­ ]mT§fmWv. AXpsIm­pXs¶ AXv ssIadnªph¶ Hcp ]mc¼cyhpamWv.

kabw hyàncq]¯n 

Z£nWmb\ tcJbn \n¶pw kqcysâ hSt¡m«pÅ bm{XbmWv D¯cmbWwþaIckw{Iaw apX IÀ¡SIkw{Iaw hscbpÅ Cu bm{Xbv¡nsS `qa²ytcJ¡v t\sc apIfnÂ, cmhpw ]Iepw Xpeyambn hcp¶ ZnhkamWv hk´hnjphw. kqcy³ sadnUnsb³þ \«p¨bv¡v F¯pt¼mÄXe¡papIfn kqcys\ ImWmw.D¨cminbnÂØnXn sN¿p¶ {Klw D¨³þ\pw {Klw D¨t£{X¯nÂ, Gähpw D¨`mKbn \nev¡Â AXyp¨hpw  BWv. Hcp {Kl¯nsâ iàn ]qÀ®amIp¶ cmin D¨cmin BWv.`mcXob tPymXnja\pkcn¨v kqcy\v taS¯n 10 Un{Kn AXyp¨hpw BWv. aebmf¯n AXv taS¸¯v F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p. cminIfn BZyt¯Xv taSw. kzcq]w BSns\t¸msebmWv. taSamkw 1þBw XobXnbmWv taShnjp. Cu DÕhs¯ hnjpkw{Im´n F¶pw ]dbpw. kqcy³ AXyp¨\mIp¶ taSw 10þ\v taS¸¯v asämcp hntijZnhkamWv.taSw ]¯p Ignªm AXyp¨¯n \n¶pw Xmtgm«pÅ Cd¡ambn. kqcysâ X¡me hmkw Xpemw cminbnemIpt¼mÄ AXv Xpem¸¯v Bbn IW¡m¡p¶p._e£bw Im«p¶Cu thf ‘AXn\oNw’ BWv. 

kqcy³ D¨cminsb {]m]n¡p¶AXnD¨Znhkw,tIcfsa§pw hoSpIfn ]¯p XncnbpÅ \nehnf¡p I¯n¨v]¯mwDZbw BLmjn¡p¶p.khntijX BÀ¶ Cu kµÀ`¯nÂImÀjntImev]¶§fmb tN\, tN¼v, aªÄ, C©n XpS§nbhbpwam{XaÃssIthebn XoÀ¯ IpSIÄ, ASp¡f ]m{X§Ä XpS§nbhbpwtIcf¯nse N´IfnÂhnev¸\bv¡p h¨ncn¡pw.B sImÃs¯ Gähpw ipt`mZÀ¡amb Zn\§fmsW¶v IW¡m¡n ]pXnb kwcw`§Ä¡p XpS¡w Ipdn¡m³ Ghcpw X¿mdmIp¶p.

Ce¦¯n BNcn¨phcp¶ ]¯mw DZbw

k]vXamXr¡Ä {]XnjvTbmbpÅ A]qÀhw t£{X§fn H¶mWv shÅmbWn ImÀjnI tImtfPn\p kao]w ØnXn sN¿p¶ Ip­d¯e `KhXn t£{Xw.c­p\mÄ \o­p\n¡p¶ hmÀjnI ]qPbpw s]m¦mebpw ]Xnhmbn tkmÕhw sIm­mSnbncp¶Xv ]¯mapZb¯nsâ A¶mbncp¶p. XobXn \nÝbn¡p¶Xv IWnbmcmWv.]me¸pcv Imhv `KhXn t£{Xsa¶pw hnfnt¸cpÅ Cu t£{X¯nte¡v`b`àn ]pcÊcw Hcp ^Àem§v Zqcw AIsebpÅ Ce¦w ]ctZhXm `{ZImfn t£{Xk¶n[nbn \n¶pw Ieam³ sIm¼n  tZhnsb Fgp¶Ån¨v tLmjbm{XtbmSpIqSn sIm­phcp¶p. Ieam³ sIm¼ns\ hln¡p¶Xv Hcp I\yIbmWv. I\yI CÃm¯]£w IpSpw_¯nse ImcWhcmbncn¡pw B IrXyw \nÀhln¡pI. ]mÀhXn tZhn Ieam\n khmcn sN¿pIbmsW¶p k¦ev]w.

AwKw aqÀ²mhpw Xebpw incÊpw D¯amwKhpw BWv. Ccmsse (Ieam³) F¶ kÀh\mat¯mSv Cu ]ZwtNcpt¼mÄ CcmssebwKw Bbn. ‘am´e’ F¶ÀYw hcp¶p.A£camäw (metathesis) ImcWw Ccmsse, ‘CeÀ’ Bbn.CcmssebwKw CeÀAwKwþhpwXpSÀ¶v Ce¦hpw Bbn.kvwkvIrX¯n arKincÊpw artKm¯amwKhpw am´ebmWv.‘am´e’sb Bcm[n¡p¶ ]qPyØm\amWv Ce¦w.

Ieam³ hml\ambpÅ ZpÀK

Isse, Ccmsse Aâvtem]pIfpsSbpw UodpIfpsSbpw BWp§sf Ipdn¡phm\pÅ Xangv ]Z§fmWv. ]penáÀ tKm{XhÀK¯nÂs]«hÀ, Ieam³ sIm¼psIm­v ZpÀKmtZhnsb Ae¦cn¨ncp¶p. ChnsS Ieam³ sIm¼v shdpsamcp `qjWw am{Xw.

F.Un. 7þBw \qäm­nse kmlnXyIrXnbmb s]cpwIYbn ZpÀKbpambn Ieam\ns\ _Ôs¸Sp¯nbpÅ ]cmaÀiw D­v.Ieam³ hml\ambpÅ ZpÀK Xangn IssebqÀ¯n, Issebm\¯n F¶n§s\bmWdnªncp¶Xv. IebqÀI¶n (I¼cmambWw) F¶pw ]mbv Isse¸mssh, IssebaÀsiÂÆn, Isse¸cnbqÀ¯n (Nne¸XnImcw) F¶n§s\bpw ]cmaÀiap­v. Nne¸XnImc¯nse hÀW\Ifn \n¶pw sImässhbpsS hml\w B¬Icnam³ BsW¶pImWmw.{]uVamb sIm¼pItfmSpIqSn Ieam\nsâ ]pd¯p Ibdn sImässh khmcn sNbvXncp¶p. HdnÊbnse ]¯mw \qäm­nse `pht\izc¯nse aptàizcw t£{X¯n Icnam\nsâ apIfn Nhn«n \n¶p sIm­v \r¯w sN¿p¶ A½ssZh¯nsâ cq]w ImWmw. sImässhbpambn Cu A½ ssZhs¯ _Ôs¸Sp¯p¶p.

knwlØbmb tZhn Xangn BfnbqÀ¯n F¶dnªncp¶p. knwlhÀK¯nÂs]«Hcp km¦ev]nI arKamWv Bfn. ZpÀKbpsS hml\sa¶ \nebv¡pÅ knwl¯nsâ hchv, ImÀjnIcwK¯v h¶p tNÀ¶ ]ptcmKXnsb, AhØm´cs¯bmWv Im«p¶Xv. Ieam\nsâ apIfn IbdnbpÅ tZhnbpsS Fgp¶Ån¸v ]ucmWnIImes¯ ]Xnhmbncp¶p F¶ hkvXpXbn ASnhcbnSp¶p. 

IpetZhX D¨tZhXbmWv

Ce¦¯n\pÅn {]thin¡phm\pÅ IhmS§Ä, Ing¡p \n¶pw asäm¶v hS¡p \n¶pw A§s\ c­p­v. ]¯mapZb¯n\v Xte¶mÄ am{Xta Ah c­pwXpd¡pIbpÅq.]me¸qÀ Imhp `KhXn t£{X¯nse s]m¦mebv¡pw ]qPmIÀ½§Ä¡pw tijw \S AS¨m B sImÃw apgph\pw Ah ASªncn¡pw.Imehpw kqcy\pw Znhkhpw aplqÀ¯hpw ‘s]mgpXv’ BWv. Hcp {]tXyI aplqÀ¯w k^eam¡m³ th­n am{Xw Ce¦w Xpd¶p hbv¡p¶XneqsS, ChnsS, ImewaqÀ¯naÂ`mhw sImÅp¶Xmbn ImWmw. hnjphnâ¶v D¨kabw kqcys\ Xebv¡v t\sc apIfn ImWmw. At¶ Znhkw \ngep­mhnÃ.BZnXy\v taSw D¨cminbmWv.hk´Ime¯v, taScminbn kqcy³ IS¶p t]mIp¶Xp sIm­v kqcys\ kw_Ôn¨ hntij kw`hwImÀjnI]camb Imcy§Ä¡p XpS¡w Ipdn¡m³ HuNnXy]qÀhamb kµÀ`ambn (s]mgpXv) IcpXp¶p.C¡mcyw ]ctZhXsbD¨tZhXbmbn ImWm\nS\ÂIn. Ime¯nsâ aqÀ¯nbmb IpetZhX D¨tZhXbmIp¶p. Cu IpetZhXbpw IpSpw_ssZhhpw]ctZhXbmWv.

th\en s]mcnªp InS¡p¶ ]mSw c­pNm ]q«n I«bpS¨p s]mSnbm¡n ]¯mapZb¯nsâ ip`aplqÀ¯¯n \ne¯nsâ sFizcytImWn aq¶p ssI\ndsb hn¯nSp¶Xns\ s]mgpXpapSn F¶p ]dbpw.Ct¶ ZnhkamWvIrjn¡mÀaq¶Snbfhv NmepgpXv, Hcp \pÅv s\Ãphn¯v hnXbv¨v ImÀjnI hÀj¯nsâ kamcw`w Ipdn¡p¶Xv. ]ng IqSsX s]bvXpIn«p¶ CSnagbn hn¯nsâ ]pXnb \m¼v apf¨p s]m´p¶Xpw CSh¸mXn¡pÅ ImehÀj¯n s\ÂsNSnbmsI k¼pãambn Xocp¶Xpw.IÀ¡SIw HSp§p¶tXmSpIqSntbm Nn§amk¯nsâ Bcw`t¯mSpIqSntbm,s\ÃvsImbvsXSp¯v ]¯mb§Ä \ndbv¡pw. AXv Ip¯nsbSp¯pÅ ]ps¶Ãcn sIm­v hn`hkar²ambn HmWkZy Hcp¡pw.]¯mapZb¯nâ¶v Ieam³ sIm¼ntednbpÅ ]ctZhXbpsS ]pd¸mSv Nn§amk¯n ]mÀhXnbpsS knwlmtcmlWt¯mSp IqSn Ahkm\n¡p¶p.

{]XoImß]cambpÅ Bcm[\

hn{Klmc[\bpsSBKa\¯n\p ap³]v`mcXobÀ C{µnbtKmNcamb Fs´¦nepw hkvXp¡sf Bcm[n¨ncp¶Xv{]Xncq]ImßIXz]camb Bcm[\mk{¼Zmbambncp¶p.Nne ]ucmWnI kwkvIrXnIfn Ieam\ns\ ‘s]cpIp¶ hÀjw’ Bbn IW¡m¡nbncp¶p. Ieam\nsâ Imew XpS§p¶Xv hk´Ime§fnepw. Nm{InIambn kw`hn¡p¶ Poh·cWþ]p\ÀP·§fpsS ]cnWma{Ia¯nsâ ASbmfambn Bcm[n¡s¸«ncp¶ Ieam³,`uXnIambn kkyPme§fpsS hfÀ¨bpsS klPamb ssPhLSnImcambpw ]¦p hbv¡p¶p.hk´Ime¯nsâ Ahkm\L«¯n kw`hn¡p¶ Ieam³ sIm¼nsâ {it²bamb hfÀ¨bpwkkyPme§fpsS hfÀ¨bpw X½n _Ôw Ds­¶vsXfnbn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p.

sImà AÐvw A\pkcn¨v taSw (April-May),9þBw amkamWv.AXpambn _Ôs¸« XanÄ amkamb Nn¯nc, XangcpsS B­p ]nd¸mWv. hk´Imes¯ hcth¡m³, taSw H¶n\v BtLmjn¡p¶ Hcp ASnb´ncamWv taShnjp. RmäpthebpsS XpS¡sa¶\nebv¡mWv (IrjnbpsS Bcw`ambn), taSkw{IawImÀjnI Ie­dn Øm\w ]nSn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. ]ctZhX Ft¶m ]¯mapZb¯nâ¶v ]ctZhX¡v khmcn sN¿m\pÅ arKw F¶ k¦ev¸¯ntem ]ctZhXbpsS ]qPyØm\¯p h¨v Bcm[n¡p¶ Ies¦m¼nsâ shfns¸Sp¯epIsf Ipdn¨vBcmtb­nbncn¡p¶p.

Ies¦m¼v: {]IrXy\pkcWamb LSnImcw

arKhnjmWw (Ieam³), sIm¼v (sN½cnbmSv) F¶nh {]IrXy\pkcWamb LSnImcambn hÀ¯n¡p¶p.aq¶mw hbÊn sIm¼p hfcm³ XpS§p¶ {]Xn`mkw Ieam\nsâ BbpjvImew \o­p\n¡p¶p. taSw cminbn kqcy³ hcp¶tXmSpIqSnsIm¼p apf¨p XpS§pw.Hcp LSnImckam\w,arKhnjmWw hfÀ¨bpsS  L«§sf Im«n¯cp¶p. hfÀ¨bnencn¡p¶ ams¦m¼nsâ kqcy]Sw t]mepÅ arZpemhcWwhfÀ¶p XpS§n ssZÀLyw BÀPn¡p¶ L«w, th\¡mew Ahkm\n¡p¶tXmSp IqSn Cu shÂshäv s]mgnªp t]mIp¶ L«w,{]P\\Ime¯nsâ A´yw icXvImet¯mSpIqSn kamKXamIp¶ L«w, Dd¸pÅXpw \nÀPohambXpw AkvXn sIm­p \nÀ½n¨Xpamb arKhnjmWw AtXmSpIqSns]mgnªp hogp¶ L«w F¶n§s\ \mep L«§Ä. P\phcn amkamIp¶tXmSpIqSn Ieam\nsâ icocw ]pXnb hnjmWw hfÀ¯nsbSp¡phm³ X¿mdmIp¶p.sIm¼nsâ km¶n²yw am\knI kzØX \ãs¸Sm\nSbmIpt¼mÄ Ah ap³Imev¸¯nsIm­v \ne¯pam´phm\pw t]Sam\pIÄ¡p t\scIÅ¡s®dnbm\pw XpS§pw.

t^mt«m ]ocnbUnkw

Zn\cm{X§fpsS ZoÀLXmcayt¯mSv kky§Ä¡pÅ {]XnIcWamWvt^mt«m ]ocnbUnkw.IÀ¡SI kw{Im´n D¯cmbWm´amWv.hk´Ime¯n\pw D¯cmbWm´y¯n\panS¡pÅ ImeL«¯nÂk¦oÀ®amb ]eXcw tlmÀtamWpIfpsS ]ckv]c {]h¯\§Ä sIm­v ams¦m¼nsâ hfÀ¨sb \nb{´Whnt[bam¡nbncn¡pIbmWv.kky§fntetbm {]mWnIfntetbm ctkmev]¯nØm\amb Hcp {khWLS\ AYhm {KÙnbmWv shfn¨t¯mSp {]XnIcn¡p¶ ss]\nb ¥m³Uv.Ieam³ sIm¼nsâ hfÀ¨sb Dt¯Pn¸n¡p¶ Cu ¥m³Uv hn«bbv¡p¶ t]in hfÀ¨sbbpw ssewKnI hfÀ¨sbbpw \nb{´n¡p¶ sStÌmÌotdm¬ F¶  tlmÀtam¬ ams¦m¼nsâ hfÀ¨sb s]cp¸n¡p¶pþHcp kw`h ]c¼cbv¡p Xs¶ {]mcw`anSp¶p.

Pohimkv{X]cambXpw ]cnØnXn kw_ÔambXpw Bb A\h[n LSI§sf IqSmsX ams¦m¼nsâ hfÀ¨bpsS Nm{InIamb BhÀ¯n¡pÅ kabw \nÝbn¡epw (t^mt«m ]ocnbUnkw) ams¦m¼nsâ hfÀ¨sb kzm[o\n¨ncp¶p. aIckw{Im´nbpsS BZy\mÄ apX IÀ¡SIkw{Im´nbpsS BZy\mÄ hscbpÅ Zn\§fnÂ, A¶¶pÅ ]Iensâ ssZÀLyw (t^mt«m]ocnbUv), BImi¯n IpdpIs\bpÅ kqcyNm]¯nsâ hSt¡m«pÅ apt¶ä¯nsâASnØm\¯n hÀ²n¡p¶p.

arKhnjmW¯nsâ {]XoImßIX 

Zriytam AZriytam Bb shfn¨t¯mSv {]XnIcn¡p¶, {]Imi¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\¯n\v s]s«¶p hnt[bamIp¶ kky§fpsS ]qhnSÂ, hfÀ¨mhncmaw Ces]mgnbÂ, \n{ZmhØ, F¶n§s\bpÅ hfÀ¨bpsS L«§fpsSXpS¡w \nÀ®bn¡m³ Ignbpw.Hcm­p am{Xw \ne\n¡p¶ kky§fpsS ]qhnSensâ XpS¡wGsd¡psd t^mt«m]ocnbUnk¯nsâ \nb{´W¯nemWv.  

arKhnjmW¯nsâhfÀ¨bneqsS,{]IrXniànX¡Xmb EXp¡sf shfns¸Sp¯p¶p. {]tXyIn¨pwhk´Ime¯nsâbpw ic¯vIme¯nsâbpw Bcw`s¯¡pdn¨v. "I\yIm`qan'bn ImÀjnI kwcw`§Ä Bcw`n¡phm\pÅ kabw-þDghv, hnX, sImbv¯v, AsX XpSÀ¶pÅ \S]Sn{Ia§Ä F¶nhbv¡pÅ kqN\IÄ Irjn¡mÀ¡v e`n¡p¶p. am\nsâ PohnXN{Iw BWv, hnizmk{]amW¯nsâ apJyBIÀjWtI{µwþam³ Ip«nbnSp¶Xv,ams¦m¼v hnImkw {]m]n¡p¶Xv,tcma]mfn s]mgn¡p¶Xv ioXImehpw CWtNc Imehpw hcp¶Xn\p apt¶mSnbmbn tcma]mfn s]cp¡p¶Xv, sIm¼v sImgn¡p¶Xv Chbvs¡m¸w s\Ãp apf¨p­mIp¶Xnsâ Nm{InIamb Bhr¯nbpwGIIme¯p kw`hn¡p¶XmWv.kkyhfÀ¨bpsS cq]tcJbn hÀj]mXw, Xm]\ne, ]I shfn¨w F¶nh kzm[o\w sNep¯nbncn¡p¶Xp ImWmw.

{]IrXnkuµcy¯nsâ {]XoIambn hÀ¯n¡p¶ arKhnjmWw s\ÂIrjn¡mÀ¡v kp`n£X ssIhcn¡phm\pÅ amÀKZÀi\w \ÂIpIbmWv.Xnf§p¶ kzÀWs¯ Xpe\s¸Sp¯p¶ a«nemWv s\Ãnsâ emfnXyw \nesImÅp¶Xv. arKhnjmWhpw s\¡Xncpw kar²nbpsSbpw sFizcy¯nsâbpw {]XoI§fmWv. taSw ]nd¶p ]¯mw \mÄ hn¯phnXbpsSbpw ssX \Soensâbpsams¡ Znhkambn amdnbXp {]No\Imew apX¡pÅ A\p`hÚm\¯nsâ ]cnWnX^eambn«mWv. ]¯mapZb¯nâ¶p ]¯pssX F¦nepw \SWsa¶ hnNmcw, XpSÀ¶v BNmcambn. AXn Ieam³ sIm¼nsâbpw kkyPme§fpsSbpw hfÀ¨bnse kmayw Hcp aX¯nsâ ]cnthjw t\SpIbmWv Ce¦¯nÂ. XncphnXmwIqdnse ]c¼mcmKX ssienbn ]WnX hmkKrl§fnse Ce¦§fn Ies¦m¼ns\ Bcm[nbv¡m\mbpÅ Hcp `n¯namSw Is­¯m\mbXn AXnibsam¶panÃ.

\Kcw, A{KnIĨÀF¶o ]Z§fpsS Dev¸¯n t\t§m F¶ ]Z¯n \n¶pamWv

Hcp almkw`h¯nsâ ^eambn ]ndhnsbSp¡p¶ ImeL«amWv Cus¸m¡v (epoch). ‘tRt§mev’F¶ ]Z¯nsâ AhXcWw ad\o¡p¶ Cus¸m¡v, D]kwlmc¯n {]kàamIp¶p.Z£ntW´y³AXncpIS¡p ¶tXmSpIqSnt\t§m F¶ ]Zw CXc `mjIfn ]pXnb AÀY§Ä BÀPn¡m³ XpS§n: \msbcp/ \mbÀ (Ie¸the), \KÀ, AKÀ- (A{KnIĨÀ / ImÀjnI hr¯n) F¶ BwKe ]Zw XpS§p¶ D]kÀKw. hSt¡ C´ybn A\h[n {Kma§Ä¡pÅ t]cpIÄ (tRt§mevF¶ ]Z¯n \n¶pw DÛhn¨) ‘\wKÂ’ F¶mWv.e¯o³ `mjbnse ager, Cw¥ojnse acerþdpambn _Ôs¸«ncn¡p¶p.I­w, hb F¶mWv Ahbv¡ÀYw.Culture F¶ ]Zhpambn tNÀ¶vA{KnIĨÀF¶ BwKe]Z¯n\v AXv cq]w \ÂIn. t\t§m F¶ ]Zs¯ A\pIcn ¨p­mb ‘AKÀ’- F¶ Cu D]kÀKw, \KÀ, \Kcw, AIcw F¶o ]Z§fnep­v.bYmÀY¯n ‘{]arX’ (tilling the ground), Ccp¼p sIm­p­m¡nb sImgpthmSpIqSnb Ie¸bpsS  BKa\s¯ Ipdn¡p¶p.‘A{KnIĨÀ’þs\ Ipdn¡p¶ aäp ]Z§Ä koX, A\rX, Irjn F¶nhbmWv.

Ie¸bpsS P·ØehpwAXp ]pXpXmbn I­p ]nSn¨bmfnsâ t]cpw]t­¡p ]t­ Xs¶ \ãs¸«p t]mbXvIe¸sb Ipdn¡p¶ t\t§m F¶ ]Z¯n \mw Is­¯nbXvBIkvanIambn«mbncp¶p. Ie¸ F ¶ D]IcW¯nsâ \mahpw AXnsâ D]ÚmXmhnsâ \mahpw ‘t\t§mÂ’ F¶ ]Z¯n  DÄt¨À¶ncn¡p¶p.]pcmWIme¯nsâ]mXmfkv]Àinbmb AKmYXbn B­p InS¶ B clkyw shfns¸«Xv  ChnsS ^e{]Zambn.

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